Habits of Mind: Learning framework Essay

1.0 Introduction While learning your cerebrum retains data like a major pink wipe; It is said that on the off chance that you are in the correct temper, learning gets straightforward and you gain data easily. In the event that your pushed, drained or only not available, your mind nearly repulses data making it extremely hard to pick up anything by any means. Each and every individual who studies have various ways to deal with their own style of learning, some being superior to other people. Propensities for mind is a learning system that has been lauded similar to the subsequent stage in learning, its one of a kind strategy permits understudies to learn at their own pace just as getting a charge out of the calm air that happens when considering. Despite the fact that not considered as an official learning strategy, propensities for psyche will before long support most scholarly styles of learning. 2.0 Literature Review Propensities for mind is an idea that has been around since the hour of Aristotle, Socrates and numerous other old savants. Despite the fact that not called Habits of psyche at that point, these men built up that learning can be separated to key procedures of thought. A basic procedure would be the manner in which we decipher our general surroundings; the sun consumes us, so we don’t remain outside for a really long time, sharp edges cut our skin, so we abstain from contacting them. It’s the littlest bits of improvement that drive our reality, and it is our propensities for mind that control our activities because of these boosts. Anyway it isn't our activities that propensities for brain could have the best effect on, it is our ability to learn. Coming up next is an audit of the article, â€Å"Theorising propensities for mind as a system for learning† (John Campbell). It incorporates point by point examinations and varieties of at various times data with respe ct to propensities for mind, to various distinctive learning systems and finishes up propensities for mind similar to a fitting method reasonable for a wide range of learning advancement. Cerebrum analysts have discovered direct connections between propensities for mind and the mind itself, finding likenesses in the procedures of the cerebrum and the methods utilized in propensities for mind. One of these is the capacity and memory of information inside our mind. Our mind will store new information each time we experience something, the more we experience something, the quicker we can recover data on what we are encountering. Propensities for mind has fundamentally a similar procedure, as we assemble information through the entirety of our faculties we utilize this information to figure suppositions, hypotheses, ends Etc. With our cerebrum in direct connect to propensities for mind, it appears to be practically stupid that we see propensities for mind as being definitely not a positive structure for learning improvement. Previously, the improvement of speculations, forms, hypothesis’ that have in the long run lead to what we call propensities for mind, have all in their own particular way, supported propensities for brain and keep on supporting it as an ever increasing number of individuals perceive the methods related with it. With its fame consistently expanding, the quantity of educators that join it into their every day lessons is developing exponentially. Anyway because of the way that it isn't yet perceived as an effective structure for learning by the scholarly network, this is being viewed as a stage once again from conventional learning methods. On the off chance that propensities for mind does turn into the new learning structure for the group of people yet to come, at that point in what manner will these individuals profit by its extraordinary way to deal with learning? Understudies that utilization the habitsâ of mind taking in structure have profited by a many number of various things, and because of the idea of the learning, the information learned through propensities for mind appears to â€Å"stick† more than conventional learning procedures. Being an understudy can be unpleasant, particularly if you’re more youthful managing the consistent interruption of a public activity that has been set aside to support your instruction. All things considered, propensities for mind takes out this interruption by actualizing it into your investigation life in limited quantities. You won’t be concentrating in dream world, or wet ‘n’ wild, however perhaps at the sea shore or at the recreation center. Little changes to your condition can have sensational effects to your feelings of anxiety while you study, a few people could even figure out how to appreciate contemplating. The article being referred to dove into propensities for mind and introduced the real factors and figures important to consider propensities for mind as an effective learning system for the group of people yet to come of learning. It broadly expounded and laid out its great and awful focuses permitting the peruser to make their own feeling re garding the matter, which is acceptable in light of the fact that everybody is unique and everybody has their own assessments of examining. 3.0 Method So as to gather some helpful essential data concerning learning styles I have formulated a survey that plots a person’s learning style just as distinguishes whether they would profit by the propensities for mind system. The accompanying survey is set for a more youthful crowd (college Students) and is intended to distinguish an understudies learning style, disposition towards taking in and from that point we can decide whether propensities for psyche can profit them actually. Q1) when are confronted with an issue, you: a) Use a hands on way to deal with tackle the issue b) Think about the issue and devise an answer c) Ask others for help, at that point take care of the issue together Q2) somebody asks you an inquiry you don’t know the response to, after rapidly faltering you: an) Answer their inquiry supposedly b) Change the subject c) Lie Q3) what encourages you concentrate more? a) Music b) Repetitive composition c) perusing Q4) the hardest thing an about considering is: A) The outstanding task at hand B) It exhausts you C) How long it takes Q5) the ideal day for YOU incorporates: an) A bright day at the sea shore b) A loosening up day in the shade c) A blustery, comfortable day inside Q6) do you appreciate learning? a) Yes b) No c) Depends on what I am realizing Q7) a battle is happening between your companion and a more peculiar, you: an) Approach them both tranquilly and attempt to determine the circumstance b) Kick the other person in the face, toss Norris style. c) Stand and watch, without interceding. Q8) you every now and again take breaks when examining on the grounds that: a) Learning is exhausting, so you in the end get drained and need breaks b) To keep your brain dynamic c) Because you straight-up couldn’t be arsed Q9) do you have your own investigation zone? a) Yes b) No c) Study territory? Q10) Read through the past inquiries, what do you think this poll was extremely about? A) How to think B) How to examine C) How you study D) How you think Every one of the past inquiries was chosen so as to completely see how every individual who took the poll thinks. Coming up next is a breakdown of each inquiry, and what they were truly asking you. Question one was a fundamental learning styles question, it just recognizes on the off chance that you are a psychological, visual or sound-related student. Question two recognizes how you respond to issues under tension and distinguishes your psyches reaction time, concerning pulling back fitting data. Question three is another essential learning styles question, again it recognizes in the event that you are a psychological, visual or sound-related student. Question four is an examining question; it perceives what you loathe most about contemplating. Question five is another testing question and relates straightforwardly to address four. Subsequent to being â€Å"setup† by question four getting some information about contemplating, it presents the alternative of consolidating your ideal day with considering, so as to make things simpler. Question six gets the individual to acknowledge whether they really like considering, it additionally makes one wonder, why not? Question seven is another testing question, it centers around the strain of unpleasant circumstances and how one responds as needs be, regardless of whether it be kicking your concern in the face, or breaking the issue into littler progressively sensible pieces. Question eight distinguishes your way to deal with learning, would you say you are constant? Or on the other hand would you say you are slack? Question nine rapidly evaluates the person’s current learning condition. Question ten is an examining question, it appears if the understudy was paying attention to the test and makes them take some real time to contemplate the inquiries themselves, causes them to legitimize their answers just as make amendments subsequent to getting a handle on a more profound comprehension of the inquiries. 4.0 Analysis and Discussion Propensities for mind is a solid arrangement of discovering that joins learning into regular day to day existence, it causes us to confront every day with the important information and trust so as to exceed expectations. The most easy of errands just as the intellectually and physical requesting impediments of the day become a breeze, because of the straightforwardness propensities for mind presents to us all. 5.0 Conclusion Propensities for brain will change learning later on, that much is valid, however will it change our point of view of learning? Indeed, I accept that propensities ofâ mind will in the end be received by the scholastic network everywhere throughout the world, in the long run turning into the base of our learning procedure. This very solid learning system is anything but difficult to utilize, simple to ace and makes learning agreeable, on the off chance that you let it. It’s the mix of many long periods of learning strategies joined into one relentless procedure of discovering that everybody can comprehend. I accept that with the proper use of propensities for mind inside understudies of a more youthful age, propensities for psyche will in the end become the world’s principle information improvement strategy. 6.0 Recommendations I just have three proposals, for the most part since individuals don’t really use them, they simply read them concur with them and disregard them. So as opposed to broadly expounding I have chosen the three most significant suggestions that I accept will assist you with studying effectively. * Evaluate your examination techniques, see what necessities improving and discover approaches to make it eas

Why Did the Labour Party Win Power in 1945 and Lose It in 1951 Essay

For what reason Did the Labor Party Win Power in 1945 and Lose It in 1951 - Essay Example The Labor Party was framed by the understanding of a few worker's organizations to meet up to shape an ideological group. In those days, worker's guilds were incredible associations and had the strong after of their individuals so as to push for their inclinations in a single normal and strong voice. The Labor Party has had its portions of progress and disappointments since it was first settled. The last head administrator speaking to the Labor Party was Gordon Brown, who took over from Tony Blair, likewise from the Labor Party in 2007 (Lynch 25-65, 2008). Be that as it may, one of the best triumphs for the Labor Party throughout the entire existence of UK decisions was in 1945, when the gathering won its greatest lion's share, drove by Clement Attlee, who was appointee executive under the alliance government headed by Winston Churchill. Winston Churchill was the moderate party head, and Prime Minister of Britain, and he was the person who drove Britain to triumph in the subsequent w orld war that finished in 1942. Under these conditions, it was normal that he would win another term as leader in the 1945 races. Notwithstanding, this was not the situation as was directed by numerous elements. To start with, there was the intergenerational distinction between the majority and the pioneers in power. While the previous was made of more youthful individuals, a large number of whom had served in the war, the last was comprised of a minority not many of the more seasoned age (Butler and Stokes 1-35, 1974). The more seasoned age was dwarfed because of passings, displacements to different nations and renunciations. In these conditions, the majority felt that they were not all around spoke to. The traditionalist party had a lion's share of this more seasoned age, while the Labor Party’s administration was comprised of genuinely more youthful individuals, whom the majority could relate to. This expanded the Labor Party’s ubiquity prompting their avalanche tri umph in 1945. Issues of class likewise played a part in helping the Labor Party win the 1945 decisions. The post-second world war condition in Britain was with the end goal that larger part of the individuals were attempting to modify their lives by working in better places to make a decent living. A large number of these individuals were workers and needed to work extended periods so as to procure their living. The general inclination was that the then current government was not doing what's necessary to assist changes that could improve their lives (Heath, Jowell, and Curtice 12-58, 1985). Inside this climate, the Labor Party concocted a statement that vowed to do all these and more for the individuals. Their battles were powerful and the individuals chose to give them a possibility, henceforth a dominant part decided in favor of the Labor Party. Attlee is viewed as one of the Labor Party’s most critical figures, since he figured out how to control England from more issues during the Second World War by preventing Churchill from doing a few plans thought about wild and risky, both to the United Kingdom and its partners, just as to its adversaries. Attlee was head administrator of UK for a long time, until 1951, when he lost in the general appointment of 1951. Nonetheless, in his time in office, Attlee influenced a great deal of changes in the social and efficient condition in the UK. For example, he nationalized numerous enterprises that had been privatized, making them far off for some ordinary residents. These incorporated the steel, power, gas, coal, remote and link administrations, aeronautics, and street and railroad ventures. Attlee was likewise the one liable for nationalizing the Bank of England which despite everything stands to date. Attlee presented a national wellbeing plan by the death of the National

Free Essays on Virginia Woolfs Thoughts

that the men’s school is of high society, and the women’s school is shadowed with penniless necessities. Woolf has in fact endeavored to pressure the significance of women’s place in the public arena in contrast with that of the man’s. A point by point dinner portrayal relating to the men’s school, for example, â€Å"The lunch on this event started with soles, soaked in a profound dish, over which the school cook had spread a counterpane of the whitest cream, spare that it was marked to a great extent with earthy colored spots like the spots on the flanks of a doe†¦Ã¢â‚¬  demonstrates that Virginia Woolf even went inside and out to overstate the bias appeared towards t... Free Essays on Virginia Woolf's Thoughts Free Essays on Virginia Woolf's Thoughts Woolf’s Personal Thoughts Revealed In this section, Virginia Woolf has taken her persuasive perspectives about ladies and fiction and has woven them into a story which is set in a nonexistent spot where her crowd can feel great and can open their brains to what she brings to the table. Woolf’s individual perspectives, conclusions on women’s place, in addition to her instances of logical gadgets, for example, expression, subtleties, and language structure, indicate one staggering and imaginative bit of writing. Woolf communicates through word usage, her own perspectives about the manner in which ladies have been dealt with, and how their qualities are normally not the same as those that men have. In portraying the men’s school, Woolf’s specific word decision, for example, â€Å"partridges†, and the expression that â€Å"their grows foliated as rosebuds however more succulent†¦Ã¢â‚¬  show that she sees this general public as high society and increasingly mind boggling. This perception is turned around when, in the subsequent entry, Woolf depicts the suppers at the women’s school. By utilizing such words as â€Å"doubtless†¦uncharitable†¦and stringy†, clearly her feeling unmistakably expresses that ladies are substandard compared to men, along these lines, their living plans are subjacent also. It isn't hard to grasp the clear differentiation in which Virginia Woolf is attempting to make, appearing through her words that the men’s sch ool is of high society, and the women’s school is shadowed with down and out necessities. Woolf has for sure endeavored to pressure the significance of women’s place in the public eye in contrast with that of the man’s. A point by point feast depiction relating to the men’s school, for example, â€Å"The lunch on this event started with soles, soaked in a profound dish, over which the school cook had spread a counterpane of the whitest cream, spare that it was marked to a great extent with earthy colored spots like the spots on the flanks of a doe†¦Ã¢â‚¬  demonstrates that Virginia Woolf even went inside and out to overstate the bias appeared towards t...

Influence of Media on Teenagers free essay sample

Perpetually, this ground-breaking impact shapes the manners by which watchers or members see the world and their own place inside that world. Given that youngsters are regularly profoundly naive and subject to such impacts, this review will consider the impacts of media on this specific age gathering. In particular, the review will consider the methods of media effect on teenagers and toward the end, answers for the issues identified with them. Catchphrases: The broad communications, young people, impact, televsion, web, facebook, molding feelings REZIME Mediji vrse ogroman, skoro normativni uticaj na zivote ljudi, zena, omladine I dece. To utice, posebno medju tinejdzerima, na nacine na koje se pojedinci I grupe oblace, razgovaraju, ponasaju I misle. Mediji u formi filmova, televizije, radija I stampe, kao I novi elektronski medij komunikacije na internetu, pomazu povezivanju pojedinca sa drugim u svetu. Bez izuzetaka, ovaj mocni uticaj oblikuje nacine na koje gledaoci ili ucesnici dozivljavaju svet I svoje mesto u okviru tog sveta. We will compose a custom exposition test on Impact of Media on Teenagers or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page S obzirom da je tinejdzere veoma lako imresionirati I da lako podlezu uticajima, ovo istrazivanje ce razmotriti efekte medija na ovom uzrastu. Konkretno istrazivanje ce razmotriti nacine uticaja medija na tinejdzere I na kraju resenja problema vezanih za njih. Kljucne reci: mediji, tinejdzeri, uticaj, televizija, web, facebook, oblikovanje misljenja 1 The broad communications alludes all things considered to all media advancements which are utilized for mass correspondence, and to the associations which control these advances. Since the 1950s, in the nations that have arrived at a significant level of industrialization, the broad communications comprising of film, radio and TV has a key job in political force. The broad communications assumes a huge job in forming open discernments on an assortment of significant issues, both through the data that is administered through it and through the translations it places upon this data. It likewise assumes a significant job in molding present day culture, by choosing and depicting a specific allowance of faith based expectations, qualities, and customs (a whole lifestyle), as the real world. That is, by depicting a specific understanding of the real world, it shapes reality to be more in accordance with that translation. The broad communications comprises of the web, TV, papers and radio. The Internet is essentially more powerful than some other media. It is about twice as compelling as TV and multiple times more powerful than conventional print media. The broad communications is useful for mingling and significant in revealing individuals fundamental data and news, however it all the time burns through individuals time and occupies their consideration. The broad communications impacts individuals all things considered yet adolescents are presented to broad communications more than some other grown-ups are. In absence of intriguing spots for mingling and recreation exercises, young people go to interpersonal organizations which are more accessible and less expensive than different ways for looking through friendships. The web is completely the champ when we talk about the impact of media on young people. Different media like TV and papers are less yet in addition present in teenagers’ extent of every day exercises. During this time of growing up, they attempt to talk, dress and carry on like well known TV and music stars. They pick which gathering of individuals to have a place with, and companions to spend time with. On the off chance that you need to keep in sync with current innovation, it is practically difficult to oppose the need to join Facebook, Twitter or MySpace Teenagers overlook their examining and game exercises in return for sitting before their PCs. Their body doesn't create and develop appropriately and they frequently have medical issues. Teenagers’ sees on things, mentalities and conclusions change a great deal as well. They duplicate styles of well known individuals and some of the time overlook who they truly are. They attempt to appear as though famous people however they don't have the foggiest idea how to get great grades at school. The web forces a model of style, conduct, perspectives and design and that makes kids resemble the other the same and act likewise. At the point when you stroll down the road, you can see numerous youngsters wearing a similar garments. Rich youngsters slur poor ones and that turns out to be extremely ordinary in high schooler social orders. As should be obvious, the impact of media on young people is extremely enormous and it most likely goes off course. Likewise, it has an excruciating and hurtful impact on growing up What would it be advisable for us to improve still, what is important to be done to stop the negative impact of the broad communications on youngsters? Is it past the point of no return? We should accomplish something before it gets past the point of no return. Game and science must turn into our needs and they should be advanced beyond what these days with the goal that young people can turn out to be increasingly intrigued by them†¦ That will change their mentalities and the perspective and in that manner their lifestyle will be changed a great deal. 2 Everyone has their own diversion Every young person has his own exercises and things he cherishes doing in his spare time. There are such a large number of recreation exercises and the decision is huge. They can peruse, play PC games, sit in front of the TV, take a walk, run, or surf the Internet. Their time of growing up is explicit in light of the fact that each action gets exhausting to them after some season of doing it. Therefore, youngsters will in general explore new territory constantly. What they will pick relies upon the character of every kid. The study demonstrated that: Walking and sports are generally excellent for children’s wellbeing and legitimate physical and mental development. In this regard, young men are better than young ladies are. Strolling and sports are most loved distraction for them. 57% of them love doing sports and going strolling. Then again, just 27. % of young ladies lean toward physical exercises as their top choices. Each third young lady and each fourth kid pick visiting on the web or messaging their companions as their spare time exercises. Likewise 24. 5% of young ladies and 7% of young men like burning through their time sitting in front of the TV. I should see that it is an excessive amount of sat around and it is undesirable, as well. Visiting on the Internet and messaging companions is never and can never be equivalent to spending time with companions in the recreation center or on the football pitch. Perusing, which ought to be the most famous, is the keep going on the teenagers’ list in this insights. To be specific, just 13% of young men, equivalent to young ladies, such as perusing. Everything is acceptable, yet with some restraint. I stronlgy accept that guardians must attempt to invest more energy with their kids and attempt to discover what the best is for them. Teenagers’ recreation time is taken by the broad communications As it is as of now referenced, the impact of media on adolescents is extremely large. They spend an excessive number of hours being engaged by the broad communications. Today when innovation has quickly advanced a normal understudy must utilize present day gadgets in such a case that he doesn't do that there is no future for him. A few young men and young ladies go through over 10 hours out of each day being engaged by the broad communications, which is, everyone concurs, to an extreme. Some of them spend considerably more than 70 or 80 hours, which turns into their fixation. That may sound odd yet models like this truly exist. In my school more than 40 % of young ladies don't have the foggiest idea how long every week they spend being engaged by the broad communications. Factually talking â€Å"only† 17. 5% of young men furnished a similar response. 3 17% of young ladies and 16% of young men are engaged by the broad communications under 20 hours. Three of ten young ladies and one of five young men go through around 25 hours attempting to don't know locate some fun on TV or surfing the under 20 net†¦. Only 14% young ladies spend more than 35, yet 47% young men spend more than 35 around 25 hours being engaged by the mass in excess of 35 media. As I would see it that is such a large number of hours out of every seven day stretch of â€Å"socializing â€Å"with the broad communications every week. Young people who burn through their time doing moronic things can discover something increasingly valuable for them and their encompassing. Absolutely, there can generally be something that they can do rather and that can be valuable. For instance, youngsters can arrange a relationship for helping the environament, or a few gatherings of help, or go out and help individuals out of luck. Hours out of each week The mass media’s impacts We live in a general public that relies upon data and correspondence to continue moving the correct way and do our day by day exercises like work, diversion, medicinal services, instruction, individual connections, voyaging and everything else that we need to do. On the off chance that we need to be all around educated and have companions, we should be over presented to the broad communications. Lamentably, that can cause individuals to do a few things before they consider that and that can regularly change their life How does the broad communications influence teenagers? The media impacts on young people can be unique. At times it can support us and offer great guidance, however I am apprehensive, there are increasingly negative things that adolescents can embrace by spending an excessive number of hours engaged by the broad communications In my examination about portion of the repondents addressed that the broad communications has more positive than negative consequences for them. Then again 40 % of understudies said engaging media causes increasingly negative ones. There are some constructive and pessimistic effects on youngsters. Here is a positive impact model: if there is a game that is getting a great deal of consideration by the media and additions fame among your companions and society, you will almost certain need to rehearse that wear and be cool with every one of your companions. The outcome is that you will play around with your companions and be more advantageous in light of the activity you are doing. 4 One of the best impacts of media today is the simplicity with which youngsters have figured out how to grasp innovation †be it the PCs, Internet or the ipods. The youngsters have no fear for innovation. Media has likewise added to build the general consciousness of young

Performance Appraisal Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Execution Appraisal Systems - Essay Example The assessment is typically done by the person's prompt prevalent in the association who rates others is additionally appraised by his boss. Execution evaluation representatives rating strategies for contrasting individual workers in his work gathering, regarding individual characteristics or insufficiencies and the necessities of their separate employments. It ought to be separated from work assessment, which is worried about the assurance of worth of various employments. Execution evaluation alludes to the assignment of the rating or surveying the individual execution and capacities at work. (Yvonne, 1999, p.119) The presentation examination is a conventional program in an association, which is concerned not just with the commitments of the individuals who structure some portion of the association, yet targets recognizing the potential moreover. The agreeable exhibition is just a piece of the framework in general and the administration needs more than simply assessing the presentation of the subordinates Execution assessment is, something of an official, craftsmanship and science in itself. One significant advantage of the framework is that it causes top administration to make further decisions about the officials who judge others. The top administration can get a sense from the different presentation evaluations, about the different branches of the association and furthermore the need of official improvement in the years to come. Execution examination causes the directors to assess the exhibition and to know the possibilities of their subordinates methodicallly and occasionally. (Yvonne, 1999, p.124) Following are the advantages of legitimacy rating: (an) It helps in the right position of laborers. (b) Performance rating helps in managing and amending representatives. (c) It causes the representatives to know where they stand and thusly they attempt to improve their exhibition. (d) The presentation examination assists with discovering the capacity of the staff. This will animate them to better their exhibition in an offer to improve their rating over others. (e) Ratings can be utilized as the premise of sound staff approach corresponding to move and advancement. (f) Performance examination helps in structuring the preparation program in better way. (g) The exhibition examination whenever done deductively and methodicallly will forestall complaints and build up a feeling of certainty among laborers since they are persuaded of the unbiased premise of assessment. The creation of evaluation evaluations has an advantageous impact both on the people doing the examination and the one being assessed. The evaluation brings to consideration of chiefs or administrators, the significance of knowing their subordinates as people. Motivation behind Performance Appraisal Systems The object of execution evaluation falls in two classifications: Regulatory; and Personal development (an) Administrative Advancement. This is maybe the most significant regulatory utilization of execution examination. It is of basic enthusiasm to both, the executives and representatives, to elevate workers to

How to Write About Your Summer Internship in a College Essay

How to Write About Your Summer Internship in a College Essay 4 Ways to Turn Your Summer Internship into an Amazing College Essay 4 Ways to Turn Your Summer Internship into an Amazing College Essay So, you got a summer internship? Well, we  have good news and bad news. We’ll start with the bad news. You have to work all summer. This is really going to take time away from  all of the college essay writing you planned to do this summer (but what are lunch breaks, evenings and weekends for, right?). The good news is that internships are nothing like what you may see in movies. No, you probably won’t be spending hours a day making photocopies and coffee for your superiors. Instead, you’ll be getting real-world experience in a field that you may potentially choose to go into one day, and if you pay attention, you could also end up with the perfect college essay topic. In order to make the most of your internship, it’s important to observe everything going on around you. If you’re like most humans, you won’t remember all of that valuable information unless you make a conscious effort to record it. So, keep a notebook (or notebook app) with you at all times. Just in case you don’t know what to focus on, we put together this guide to show you how to take your notes to the next level. 1. Keep Track of Your Responsibilities You will likely know the basic expectations for your internship before you even begin, but what you’ll realize when you arrive is that your responsibilities grow and change over time as you become more confident and your superiors come to trust your ability to do good work. So make sure to note how your work changes from week to week (or even day to day) and any new skills you acquire as you go. What can you do during week three of your internship that you couldn’t do during week one? What do you know now? Do you take on any additional special projects or tasks? Tracking your growth over the course of your internship is the perfect first step to formulating a compelling and personal narrative for your college essay. 2. Pay Attention to Professional Conversations Take note of how professionals who have already established a place for themselves in the workplace act when talking to other professionals. Pay attention to their mannerisms, the language they use, the amount of eye contact they make, and how they address the other person. What interpersonal skills do people in this field seem to cultivate? How do they relate to your own gifts? Will you have to push yourself out of your comfort zone to succeed or are you a perfect fit? Allowing your internship to be a springboard for this kind of self reflection will give you a personal angle for your application essay, not to mention a clearer sense of what you might want to be when you grow up. 3. Write Down (and ask) Questions As you start to delve into assigned tasks and get into the groove of your internship, you’ll probably have a lot of questions. Write them down. No question is a stupid question! Decide who will best answer your question, then ask it. Once you have the answer, write that down too! Not only will you gain information this way, but you may also form meaningful connections with colleagues who will begin to support and trust you as you gain more competence and comfort with their profession. Keeping track of questions and their answers will also serve as a good record of your learning over the course of your internship. 4. Get Contact Information You mean to say your coworker is a Brown University Alum and that just so happens to be your top choice school? Get their contact information! Write it down! Ask this person questions about Brown. Write that down too! Even if this person isn’t an alum of your top school, you still can gain valuable insight from anyone in the professional world. You’ll know what kinds of programs can help you on your journey to your ideal career, and also what kinds of people and values those programs cultivate. With all of this personal information in hand, you will be able to tailor any personal statement you want to showcase your most relevant qualities and experiences. Though it may not seem like the most glamorous summer, having an internship is a privilege and it’s your opportunity to get your feet wet in the sea of professionalism. So, make observations, ask questions, and take notes. Good luck and we really hope you don’t end up being one of those interns that just make coffee! About Thea HogarthView all posts by Thea Hogarth » Need help writing your essay? Give College Essay Academy a Try. WATCH CHAPTER 1 FOR FREE »

How To Interview Your Essay Writer Tips For The First-Timers

Natural Therapies Institute How To Find A Professional Essay Writer To Rely On There are writers all over the place, but getting the perfect one that you can rely on is a different story altogether The type of writer that you can get to work for you will determine so much, including how and when your paper will be completed, and most importantly the marks or the overall grade that you will get when you finally hand in the paper. It is because of this reason therefore that you need to ensure that every once in a while, you pay attention to everything else that matters and learn to find not just a very good writer, but one that you can definitely rely on to do the work for you whenever you are in need. The importance of this is because if you get such a writer, you are not just going to use them once; you will keep calling on them whenever you are in need and everything else should be very effective. Interview Since you cannot just walk anywhere and find one, you need to think about and plan for an interview. Interviewing writers is the only way through which you will be able to tell the difference between one writer and the other. It allows you the ability to tell apart what they want, how they write and most importantly this allows you to know how reliable a particular writer can be. Before you start the interview, you will need to get some prospects. You can find these online by posting an ad on some of the freelancing networks that are currently available all over the place. Take some time, create an account as someone who is looking to hire, and set your position open for the potential applicants to apply. When defining the task that you want to be carried out, you need to make sure that you are as definitive as possible. It is mandatory for you to make sure that you clearly spell out what you want, and make sure that everyone else is clear of the same when they are applying. One they have applied, go through and screen the applications, weeding out those who cannot seem to write a clear and concise statement in proper English. The few that you will have shortlisted can then be allowed to go through the interview process where you eventually get to choose one.Expert admission essay writing service - get your essays written by professional application essay writer.

Historical Biblical Figures You Should Know

Hindu Mythology - 992 Words

Hindu mythology has interesting theories on how the Earth was created and the reincarnation of people, Hinduism is very different to many other mythologies and has some unique key features that make it stand out from the rest. History tells that there are over 330 million gods in Hindu mythology. There are six main gods in Hinduism. Hindu’s have an interesting belief of what happens to them after death, the afterlife Hindus believe in must be met by accomplishing a goal. Hinduism is a unique belief in many gods, the life cycle and reincarnation of its people. Hindu mythology has been around for ages; it is the world’s oldest surviving religion. Hinduism was formed through diverse traditions in the year 2,000 B.C.E. There†¦show more content†¦One day the husband remembered he left his loincloth on a bush so he ordered horseman to get it, when they got there there was no castle. The husband went to the girl and talked, she said shes sorry, she wanted to impress h im but really she had no parents. The husband said that its all ok. This story shows how its not good to lie about something, also it shows the love they still have Wisniewski 3 for each other after the husband was lied to (Parameswaran,1). Myths are made to tell to children and usually there is a lesson or story the myth teaches. Another Myth is called Shiva and the Sacrifice. Shiva’s father-in-law held a sacrifice for the gods, all of the gods were inited but only Shiva was not invited. Shiva got very angry being left out from the sacrifice that he and some servants of his world attack the ceremony. They ate all the priests and threw blood on the priests. While doing this, a drop a sweat fell onto earth and formed disease. Brahma then promised Shiva could take part in all future sacrifices, in return Shiva made disease into many ailments, this would trouble the humans and animals (mythencyclopedia.com,1). This myth was created to show how Hindus believe disease came into this world and how something you do can negatively affect other people. The afterlife Hindus believe in is much different but unique from other beliefs. Hindu’s believe life is cyclical. This means that they do not just die once but are rebornShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Hindu Mythology Of India Essay2356 Words   |  10 Pagesa person believe become into one s destiny. Stories written in the Hindu mythology books or hindu beliefs have a great impact on people s brain. People relates those stories written in the books and beliefs with their present day. Hindu people have many religious books for example Mahabharata, Bhagavad Gita, and Ramayana. Audience will be the people who believe in Hindu goods, people who are studying psychology and Mythology. Many people get confused what does myths actually means. Some peopleRead MoreHindu Mythology2128 Words   |  9 PagesUNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL, HOWARD COLLEGE School of Classical Civilizations Student Number: 208504832 Student Name: Nahishta Singh Course name: Classical Civilizations 201 Mythology Assignment: 1 Question: Describe the creation myth of any traditional ethnicity or culture of your choice, ancient or modern. How, according to this culture, did the worldRead MoreIndian Mythology Of Hindu Mythology2302 Words   |  10 PagesINTRODUCTION In Mythologies across the world there have been innumerable references to non-heterosexuality. Hindu mythology tells of women becoming men, such as Shikhandi, and men becoming women, in the case of Vishnu who turns Mohini. There are also stories of men creating children without women and vice versa, Nara and Narayana who gave birth to Urvashi, and the boneless Bhagirath who was born of two women. Even the languages of this country, Sanskrit, Prakrit and Tamil include words like klibaRead MoreEssay on The Influence of Injustice to Women in Hindu Mythology1645 Words   |  7 Pagesoriginated from mythology. Hindu mythology repeatedly reinforces gendering in Indian society, in which the males have a certain point to prove and the females are forced to sacrifice their own happiness. In the Ramayana, a ruthless villain Ravan kidnaps Sita. Her husband, Rama, saves her, but then doubts her chastity because she has lived with another man for so long. Sita is then forced to prove her innocen ce. Stories with this same archetype are repeated throughout the Mahabharata, another Hindu mythologicalRead MoreComparing the Iconography and Mythology of Two Major Hindu Deities1589 Words   |  7 PagesComparing the Iconography and Mythology of Two Major Hindu Deities In Hindu tradition, Brahma created the universe, Vishnu maintained it and Shiva destroyed it. These three gods comprise the Hindu trinity (the trimurti) and are considered to be the leading gods of the religion, especially Brahma, who is the oldest of all the gods. This point is questionable though as the Visnu Purana talks of Brahma emerging from Vishnus navel to maintain the world after Vishnu has Read MoreAmerican Culture Has Become A Melting Pot994 Words   |  4 Pagesperson. With the fluidity in American culture, people are free to participate in and appreciate unique art forms, even if they do not stem from one’s heritage. For instance, anyone can learn how to dance the salsa, or study ancient near eastern mythology. There are no legal limitations on what one can and cannot borrow from a culture. However, there is a difference between appreciating a different culture and appropriating one. Culture appropriation occurs when members of one culture take forRead MoreIndian Hindu Epics Mahabharata And Ramayana1537 Words   |  7 Pagesliterature can be found in the Indian Hindu epics Mahabharata and Ramayana. Hinduism as broad as a culture or way of living and as narrow as a religious identity has found its way to generations through literature. Literature, especially Indian, has its crux implanted in the Hindu beliefs and ideas as the Indian way of life is the Hindu way. The essay basically focuses on the way Hinduism has crept into literary writings. It brings out the ways in which Hindu beliefs and ideas find their everlastingRead MoreThe Hindu Temple Of India1685 Words   |  7 PagesThe white Hindu temple stood quietly against the chaos that surrounded it in Agra, India. The marble that made up the building was stunningly clean compared to the streets that were filled with holes and dirt. The car horns and movement of people coming from their jobs that Friday created chaos around the building. The temple was made up of a square base with 4 domes at the top, similar to those of the Taj Mahal, except much smaller. Sculptures of Indian deities and revered images were chiseled allRead MoreThematic Study on A.K.Ramanujans Poetry2684 Words   |  11 Pagesreveals his strong faith in Indian culture and tradition. The second stanza of the poem â€Å"At Zero† starts with the line â€Å"blank Brahmin-widow faces†. This blank widow faces make the readers to remember a typical Indian widow. It expresses the Hindu way of life in India. The last stanza of the poem concentrates on the potter-saint, who is ready to offer his child to God. He resembles a typical Indian saint and the ancient culture of India. The lines about the potter-saint are: Read MoreEssay about Womens Roles1700 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand the position of women in Hinduism, we must recognize the Hindu scriptures guidelines to a woman’s position in Hindu society, but fail to address some roles of a Hindu woman specifically. This vague generalization of a woman’s role in the religious spectrum leaves open interpretation for the woman. Conflict arises when women are criticized by men, for the way they interpret the guidelines. Critically, we begin with the Hindu scriptures, because it is the heart and source of their cultural

History of Arts Research Paper - 1085 Words

Craig jones Dagmar E. Sproll April 3, 2012 Research Paper Christian Art In this research paper one will be reading about early Christian art and about how pagan-inspired themes, classical influences, and its two major tendencies: naturalism and abstract symbolism. Early Christian art and architecture is the art produced by Christians or under Christian ruling from the earliest period between about 350 and 525. The Christian art survived 2nd century’s and onwards. According to Beckwith â€Å"after 550 at the latest, Christian art is classified as Byzantine, but It is also very difficult to know when Christian art began. Prior to a large amount of Christians they may have been one of the best producing durable†¦show more content†¦At the same time, the look and power of didactic religious images was recognized, especially if they involved pagan and Jewish iconography. According to research â€Å"Roman style was adapted to the new faith, but it may have proven incompatible with Christian subject matter: Classical art expressed the physical and the here- and-now; Christian art concerned itself with the spiritual and the hereafter† (Pearson, 2010). Christian art gradually moved away from the naturalism, illusionism, solid objects and flesh-and- blood figures of Classical art, for Christian artists did not care to extend our empirical world, but rather hoped to create otherworldly realms. In conclusion the Christian art had many influence in such as pagan inspired themes. They wasn’t the anywhere near wealthy but that did not matter because there work was really good, if the pagans had more money a lot of their art work would still be around because they would had enough money to buy quality supply. The art would back in the early Christian stage was a lot of recycled stuff; they would see some work of somebody else and flip it around and make it their own. The Christian was always skeptical of doing art work with the devil in it because they were afraid that they would be worshiping the devil did art work on it. Sources 1. Beckwith, John, Early Christian and Byzantine Art, Penguin History of Art (now Yale), 2ndShow MoreRelatedArt History Research Paper2693 Words   |  11 PagesImagine pondering into a reconstruction of reality through only the visual sense. Without tasting, smelling, touching, or hearing, it may be hard to find oneself in an alternate universe through a piece of art work, which was the artist’s intended purpose. The eyes serve a much higher purpose than to view an object, the absorptions of electromagnetic waves allows for one to endeavor on a journey and enter a world of no limitation. During the 15th century, specifically the Early Renaissance, FlemishRead MoreMy Experience At Eastern Connecticut State University937 Words   |  4 Pagesapplying my critical thinking skills to my history classes and learned a lot in how to look at History in everyday context. What my experience at Eastern as taught me that, I never gave up and I always persevere in many difficult challenges this campus has tossed at me. I always came out on top and learned to deal with challenges that I will face later in Graduate school and in life. In my History Research paper, I learned a lot in how to work a history presentation. It taught me a lot about whatRead MoreThe Avant Garde, Modernism And The Fate Of A Continent830 Words   |  4 PagesBOOKS: Piotr Piotrowski. (2009). Toward a Horizontal History of the European Avant-Garde. In: Sascha Bru, Jan Baetens, Benedikt Hjartarson, Peter Nicholls, Tania Ørum Hubert van den Berg. Europa! Europa?: The Avant-Garde, Modernism and the Fate of a Continent. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 49-58. Sascha Bru, Jan Baetens, Benedikt Hjartarson, Peter Nicholls, Tania Ørum, Hubert van den Berg (2009). Europa! Europa?: The Avant-Garde, Modernism and the Fate of a Continent. . Berlin: Walter de Gruyter BazinRead MoreA Painting That I Observed From The Norton. Simon Museum871 Words   |  4 PagesI. Norton Simon Museum II. Introduction A. This research paper will be analyzed of a painting that I observed from the Norton Simon Museum. It’s the painting of Alcibiades on His Knees Before His Mistress, by Louis Jean Francois Lagrenee. The reason I chose this painting is because for me it was different from all other paintings I viewed in the museum. To me it was different Read MoreThe Idea Of Sponsors Of Literacy908 Words   |  4 Pagesliteracy were my childhood memories, my school, and the various resources I’ve used to accomplish an outstanding Multi-Genre Research Paper. The Multi-Genre Paper is the highlight of my junior year of high school, if not my entire highschool career. It’s composed of many genres; each piece, self-contained, making a point of its own, yet connected to the same topic. My paper about Dr. Seuss, representing the most significant events in his life. Moreover, this project had a very rich context dueRead MoreHow Has Art Affected Islam?1325 Words   |  6 PagesHow has art affected Islam? Section A: Rational and Preliminary Research Growing up in a Muslim family I was always been told that there are no drawings or paintings of Prophet Muhammed (s.a.v) and not because it was a sin to have one, but that the Prophet (s.a.v) himself told his followers that the only one that should be worshiped was God alone and a drawing or painting of him would get in the way of that sole connection with God. Instead, I have seen very elaborate calligraphy in many mosquesRead MoreMy Life At The Museum823 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Metropolitan Museum of Art. The children tour the galleries, bathe in mosaic fountains, sleep in Louis XIII’s bed, and obsess over the marble sculptures of classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance. The renowned museum becomes, in this story, the stomping ground of adventurous, dreaming children. I was ten when I decided I wanted to spend the rest of my life like the Kincaids, traipsing around gallery after gallery, surrounded by history, culture, and fine art. As a child, my schoolteacherRead MoreArt 1011313 Words   |  6 PagesCollege ART 100 ---- Winter Intersession 2016 --- Intersession INTRODUCTION TO ART CONCEPTS Instructor: Michael Fremont Redfield Email: redfield_michael@sac.edu Office Phone: 714-564-5600 Mobile Phone: 949-293-9737 Office Location: by appointment ART 100 --- Introduction to Art An introductory course for both the general interest and art major student: a survey of the nature and role of the visual arts in society. Art theory, art practices and an overview of art history will beRead MoreArt Museum Vs. Private Museum1276 Words   |  6 PagesMuseum Comparison This paper compares four separate museums. The first two compared, are private art museums in the United States, compared to a private art museum in another country. Secondly, a university natural history museum is compared to another university natural history museum in a foreign country. The comparisons involve taking a closer look at the history, function, staffing, and programs at museums. Many reasons can lead collectors to starting a private museum. Whether collectorsRead MoreWriting Assignments : My Writing Assignment856 Words   |  4 Pagesassignments that I completed during the course of the semester, I feel that I have gained a large amount of knowledge in a variety of different works. The Literary Response papers helped me gain insight on the culture and beliefs during the period that we were studying; and the Homework assignment papers allowed me to further research and analyze works so that I have more of an in depth knowledge about the pieces. Learning about the different cultures, has in a sense affected my views about artworks.

“the Incompetence of Existing Government Contributed...

The incompetence of the Provisional Government (PG) and the Guomindang (GMD) made a considerable contribution to the outbreak of revolution in Russia (Oct 1917) and China (1949). Both the PG and GMD were relatively new forms of government placed in power to resolve longstanding issues such as low standards of living and significant needs for reform. As a result, Russia had removed its Tsarist system in February earlier that year and China also expelled its dynastic system to become a Republic in 1911. However, Economic mismanagement and a nonexistent progression in reform made control by these governments questionable as their lack of action resurrected a desire for revolution for a second time. The shortcomings of the PG and GMD were†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, other changes sought by Russians promised under the PG were not met such as food and supply shortages. In China, the situation was quite similar, after gaining power the primary goal of the government changed t o maintaining it and â€Å"the comfortable and profitable positions that came with it.† (Grasso Corrin) Land reform was also disregarded by the government in China, many new taxes were introduced such as kettle tax, grain transport tax, roof tax and road maintenance tax (Lynch). Furthermore, the same struggles for food were seen in China as some resorted to â€Å"eating the bark from trees.† Chinese peasants were also terrorised under ruthless warlords such as Zhang Zongzhang, whom â€Å"took a pathological delight in terrorising the population.† (Lynch) This was compounded in China by the fact that the GMD dissolved workers unions such as the Chinese League for the protection of Civil Rights and disallowed the formation of workers unions unless they were heavily controlled by the government, having the effect of creating mounting discontent towards the GMD. Despite these similarities the GMD went further than the PG by resorting to taking out loans in order to finance their party rather than industrial and economic growth. For that reason, â€Å"China remained [even more] hopelessly backward compared with modern industrial powers.† (Grasso Corrin) Together discontent with government generated

Mm Litteruture Free Essays

To Celia is a love poem with a simple four line rhyme scheme (abcbabcb), written in first person. The over all tone of the poem is dreamy, optimistic, persistent, and gullibly innocent. The rhythm is smooth, and pensive, and seems to fall into an iambic pentameter. We will write a custom essay sample on Mm Litteruture or any similar topic only for you Order Now The poem gives the reader an intimate sense of this man’s love, and obsession for the woman of his desire, Celia. I interpreted this poem as having a theme of lost love. I imagined that Celia is his ex-lover, he still is in love with her, and wants her to come back to him.In the first stanza, the strong feelings he has for her are expressed metaphorically by comparing his love to drinking wine, and Jove’s Nectar, an elixir for immortality. He is intoxicated by her, and can’t live without her. In the first line â€Å"Drink to me, only with thine eyes And I will pledge with mine†, he is asking Celia to look at him with her eyes, and tell him she still loves him, he will in turn promise himself to her. â€Å"Or leave a kiss but in the cup And I’ll not look for wine† meaning If that is too much to ask, at least show him in some way that she still cares for him, and that will as least satisfy him. The thirst that from the soul doth rise Doth ask a drink divine†, the desire and love he has for her is burning deep inside of him, and he needs her. â€Å"But might I of Jove’s nectar sup I would not change for thine†, meaning he cannot live without her. If he were given the gift of immortality, he would not take it just to be with her. A wreath is a symbol of eternity, in the second stanza, he expresses eternal love for her by metaphorically comparing it to the rosy wreath. I believe the wreath also may represent an apology.In the first line of the second stanza, â€Å"I sent thee late a rosy wreath Not so much honoring thee†, I believe he is talking about the mistakes he made. He used the word late, implying that he was too late showing her his eternal love for her, and is now not able to have her, honoring being another word for having. â€Å"As giving it a hope that there It could not withered be†, he is telling her he loves her hoping their love is not lost. â€Å"But thou thereon didst only breath And sent’st it back to me†, she doesn’t want to listen to him anymore, takes a deep breath or sigh, and does not accept his apology. Since, when it grows and smells, I swear, Not of itself but thee†, No matter what happens, I will always love you, and a piece of you will always be with me. Some techniques used in this poem are Alliteration, the use of metaphors, personification, irony, hyperbole, and possibly allegory. Alliteration can be identified in this poem by the words that are stressed such as (highlighted in green above) in the first stanza, stresses are placed on Drink, cup, kiss, and divine. Metaphors were used to describe his love for Celia, such as drinking the wine, the elixir of eternal life, and the rosy wreath. Personification is used in personifying Celia’s eyes, as if they could speak, and the thirst takes on a human quality of rising, and asking for a drink. I thought irony was present when Celia sent the wreath back, or denied his apology. The man disregarded this action, and continued with his protest of love for her. I think hyperbole was used a lot in this poem. For example the entire poem seems to be a hyperbole. It is extremely exaggerated, and in particular, the lines â€Å"But might I of Jove’s nectar sup I would not change for thine†, and â€Å"Since, when it grows and smells, I swear, Not of itself but thee. The images are unrealistic, and cannot be taken literally. I thought allegory can be identified in this poem, because if you read through the poem once, you may just interpret a man courting a woman, and the woman literally returning his gift to him, not acknowledging him. However I felt that these two people were at once very close. They loved each other, and the man did something that caused them to break up. He still is madly in love with her, and would do anything to get her back. He apologizes to her, but it is not enough.The literal meaning is obvious, but the symbolic meaning of the poets word choices lead to my interpretation. I believe three main important concepts that influence the entire poems message would be word choice, tone, and symbols. Word choice is important in this poem, because the words used give the reader a detailed understanding of what the poet is trying to say. The words also create the imagery of the poem, and set up the meaning of the symbols used throughout. For example the whole first stanza is surrounded by words that are related to drinking wine, such as drink, cup, wine, thirst, and nectar.The words make it easy for the reader to determine that he is comparing the love he has for Celia to drinking wine, and the nectar of Jove’s. Her love is intoxicating, and worth more than anything to him. In the second stanza, the word choice I noticed was more important. The words late, rosy wreath, honouring, withered, breath, grows, smell, and swear, to me all had in depth meaning. For example late lead me to believe he had made a mistake. Rosy wreath suggested eternal love, and an apology. Honouring took on the meaning of having. Withered reminded me of dyeing, and lost love.Breath implied her presence, and disapproval. Grows, tells the reader that his love for her has only gotten stronger. Smell implies a sense of lingering, as if her essence is still all around him. Swear implies a promise to oneself, and he promises to always love her. The tone of the poem I described as dreamy, optimistic, persistent, and gullibly innocent. I think this tone is important in getting the poets mood across to the reader. The rhythm of the poem contributes to the tone because it is smooth and pensive. The poem is read in a smooth whimsical way, and slightly imploring.I thought it was dreamy because of the flowery language used, and the whimsical way it read through. Optimistic because he is hopeful that Celia still loves him, persistent, because he goes into length describing his love, and gullibly innocent, because even though it is clear Celia wants nothing to do with him anymore, he still holds onto the love he has for her. The symbols I thought were interesting, and really led me to discovering an underlying meaning to this poem. Examples of the symbol used in this poem are the eyes, Jove’s Nectar, the rosy wreath, and Celia’s breath.When the poet opens with mentioning thine eyes, it symbolizes that they are close, and he knows what she is feeling without her speaking. The eyes create intimacy in the poem. Jove’s Nectar symbolizes immortality, and his love. His love will never die for her. The rosy wreath symbolizes eternity, on how he will love her forever, and also I believe the wreath serves as a symbol for the apology he is giving her. Celia’s breath symbolizes her release from him. She does not take him in, but exhales. This symbolizes her rejecting him.I think these symbols were very influential in the way I interpreted this poem. In conclusion, I really enjoyed this poem, and digging into its underlying meaning. At first I found the language very hard to follow, and read it so many times I now have it memorized. I researched other people’s thoughts online, and realized that I had taken a different perspective on the poem compared to other reviews. I always find it interesting to see how differently people think, and how the meanings of these poems take life in the individual depending on their own experiences. How to cite Mm Litteruture, Papers

Just Lather Thats All free essay sample

Everyone deals with conflict in different ways, whether it be dealing with it head on, or avoiding it. In the short stories Just Lather, Thats All by Hernando Tellez and Absence by Carol Shields, the main characters are both faced with conflict. Although their conflict is completely different circumstances, they have many similarities. Everyone handles conflict differently in certain situations, however the way we handle conflict is how we determine our morals and essentially who we are. The barber in â€Å"Just Lather, that’s all† is faced with person versus person conflict at the start of the story. When his enemy enters his barbershop, he is immediately uncomfortable to be so close to a man he despises. The barber struggles to determine who he is and how he should handle the delicate situation. The barber is conflicted as he finds the enemy leader in a vulnerable position, and the perfect opportunity to murder him. We will write a custom essay sample on Just Lather Thats All or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The barber has a private thought â€Å"I could cut his throat just so, ZIP, ZIP! At this stage in the story the conflict changes to person versus self, as he decides whether or not to take the moral high road. He is immediately at battle with himself inside his own head, â€Å"Yes I was secretly a rebel, but I was also a conscientious barber, and proud of the preciseness of my profession. † In the end the barber decides he is not a murderer, thus solving his conflict with his own self. The protagonist in â€Å"Absence† is an un named woman attempting to write a story. At first glance her conflict seems to be person versus technology, when it becomes apparent that the letter â€Å"I† in her typewriter is broken. Further on in the story it becomes evident that there is a significance to the broken letter â€Å"I. † The broken letter signifies the writers struggle with her own identity. â€Å"Both sense and grace eluded her, but hardest to bear was the fact that the broken key seemed to demand of her a parallel surrender, a correspondence of economy subtracted from the alphabet of her very self. At this point in the story it becomes evident that the writer’s conflict in not with technology, but rather with her own self. Her issue is not being able to determine who she is and how to express her own identity. The broken letter â€Å"I† signifies her inability to put who she is onto paper. At the end of the story the writer understands that â€Å"Everyone knew who the woman was. Even when she put a red hat on her head or changed her name or turned the clock back a thousand years the woman had been here from the start. Her conflict with her own self was resolved when she realized that your identity is not something that can be interchanged, but something that is with you always. Although the writer and the barber experienced very different situations, their internal conflict was very similar. They both struggled to determine who they were and what they stood for. In the barbers case he determined he was not a murderer, he was just a barber. In the writers case, she learned her identity is not something she needs to discover, it is something she had all along.

How to Be a Responsible Student free essay sample

Today, I am going to talk on a topic titled how to be a responsible student. Before I proceed, I have a question what does the word responsible mean? According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, It Is an adjective with two meanings; first meaning Is having an obligation to do something as part of a Job or role. Second meaning Is being the primary cause of something and so able to be blamed or credited for it. Responsible is also synonymous to liable accountable answerable amenable reliable.I am sure everyone wants to be a responsible student. Here are some tips on how to be one. I Firstly, manage your time if you want to be a responsible student. You must come to class on time and is always ready to learn. Dont be a minute late and bring everything you need for the classes on that day; the right note-taking materials, your homework, lunch, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Be a Responsible Student or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Be organized with all the time. Secondly, respect your teachers. Even If the things youre learning arent exactly Interesting, just pretend they are. Smile at your teachers and be nice to them. Respect the grade they give you and be patient with your teachers. In addition, always behave in class. Dont fool around with other classmates or with an object. Pay attention and listen closely to the teacher. If another student starts talking to you, quietly tell them to be quiet and listen. If they still dont stop, Just ignore them. If others are being bad during class and you take the blame for it, consider telling the teacher about this person if you feel comfortable.If not, try to ignore it as much as you can, and if the teacher calls you UT, stand up for yourself, or talk to the person or the teacher afterwards. Thirdly, take notes. This is very Important to do, especially If you want to achieve good grades. Take notes neatly In a notebook. You dont have to copy every single thing the teacher says, but Jot down whatever you think Is Important. Do this In pencil In case you have to erase something. After school, bring the notes home because they may be useful for your homework. Fourthly, hand in your homework efficiently.Spend a sufficient mount of time on your homework every night. Keep it very neat in case you have to hand it in. Ask someone to check your homework if you feel comfortable, but dont let them change it. It is your work, so you have to be responsible for it. Make sure you hand in your assignments on time. Make up for missed or incomplete work. If you were absent for one day, try to schedule a time to meet with your teacher and go over what you missed. If you didnt finish the test or handed in sloppy work, ask your teacher what you can do to make it better.If you feel uncomfortable doing this, ask a classmate to help you make up what you missed. Last but not least, help your classmates. Dont be selfish when they cant find their book, or they dont have a pencil or paper, lend them yours. Always be prepared to help them, and be respectful to them. Even If theres a person you dont Like In class, and you got assigned to a project with them, work with them and together you can achieve your the tips and information Im sharing with you today will bring a lot of benefits to us all. Thank you.

Great Descriptive Essay Topics - Just What Do You Have to Know About?

Great Descriptive Essay Topics - Just What Do You Have to Know About?There are hundreds of great descriptive essay topics to choose from. They range from sports to nature to the environment and just about anything else you can think of.Many people find themselves being enthralled by the plethora of fabulous topics, and before you know it, you're wondering which ones to choose. It's easy to do this because there are plenty of great resources out there that have details on what's popular and what doesn't. There is information about these topics for almost any subject you might want to write about.A quick search on Google, for example, will show that many college students are already writing essays. One of the most common topics is the causes of bad grades. Students seem to be starting their essay discussions with the basics. As for sports, most people end up talking about the sport and how it relates to academics.When it comes to more complicated topics, you may find that a topic is mu ch easier to tackle. This means you will need to choose a different type of essay. If you know where to start, you can select an area that is easy to write about. You'll just have to expand on the topic a little more.Consider if you are going to use the same type of words in your topic. For example, a writer who is writing about the environment will not mention the word 'oil' unless they are talking about it. Likewise, a writer who is writing about the elements of a good writing style will use a word like 'form' when they are talking about good writing. This way, your topics will be different so you won't forget the right words.If you have a unique topic, you may consider including it in your paper. Many people find that by doing this, they are more likely to read over their essay. This helps them recognize your unique way of talking about a topic and can cause them to read the essay in a new way.These are some of the great descriptive essay topics you can write about. Whether you'r e writing about a sport, a subject, or just a part of life itself, you will find it easy to talk about. All you need to do is look around and consider which ones are popular and which ones aren't.

All [Woman and] Men Are Created Equal essays

All [Woman and] Men Are Created Equal essays It is disturbing to see that in society today I see as many unjust women as men. Most women have declared that women and men should have equal rights and I, as a woman, have to agree. However, many women today are abusing their rights for their benefit. What happened to equal rights? We may have equality in rights but we are not created equal, yet in some situations, e.g., in the workplace, many women lash out their anger and blame men. We are put on earth to do different things. We are built differently and we think differently. Naturally, women and men will have disagreements now and then. However, women must recognize that misusing their rights to take revenge for what men did in the past will not solve anything. Many women still believe that most men today view women as inferior, but when the fight for equality becomes distorted, women can be as sexist, prejudice and biased as men. Many men have subtly degraded women for many years. Its either that many women do not notice it or choose to look the other way. In the essay, Invisible Women, Yun Yung Choi explains how one man, Confucius, changed the lives of women for the worse in Korea. Choi states, Throughout the first half of Koryo period, which lasted from 918 to 1392, and throughout the Yi dynasty, women were important and contributing members of their society and not marginal and dependent as they later became. Women were, in large extent, in command of their own lives. She also states, With the introduction of Confucianism, however, the rights and privileges that women enjoyed were confiscated (187). In her essay, Choi quotes from Confucian proverbs such as Men are honored, but women are abased and A daughter is a robber women who carries household wealth away when she marries (187). Still today, many men have the same thoughts that Confucius had. I have worked with battered and ab...

Battle of North Point in the War of 1812

Battle of North Point in the War of 1812 The Battle of North Point was fought as the British attacked Baltimore, MD on September 12, 1814, during the War of 1812. As 1813 came to an end, the British started to shift their attention from the Napoleonic Wars to the conflict with the United States. This commenced with a surge in naval strength which saw the Royal Navy widen and tighten their full commercial blockade of the American coast. This crippled American commerce and led to inflation and shortages of goods. The American position continued to decline with the fall of Napoleon in March 1814. Though initially cheered by some in the United States, the implications of the French defeat soon became clear as the British were now freed to enlarge their military presence in North America. Having failed to capture Canada or compel the British to seek peace during the wars first two years, these new events put the Americans on the defensive and changed the conflict into one of national survival. To the Chesapeake As fighting continued along the Canadian border, the Royal Navy, led by Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane, mounted attacks along the American coast and endeavored to tighten the blockade. Already eager to inflict destruction on the United States, Cochrane was further encouraged in July 1814 after getting a letter from Lieutenant General Sir George Prevost. This asked him to help avenge the American burnings of several Canadian towns. To oversee these attacks, Cochrane turned to Rear Admiral George Cockburn who had spent much of 1813 raiding up and down the Chesapeake Bay. To support this mission, a brigade of Napoleonic veterans, commanded by Major General Robert Ross, was ordered to the region. On to Washington On August 15, Ross transports entered the Chesapeake and pushed up the bay to join with Cochrane and Cockburn. Assessing their options, the three men decided to attempt a strike on Washington DC. This combined force soon cornered Commodore Joshua Barneys gunboat flotilla in the Patuxent River. Moving up the river, they eliminated Barneys force and landed Rosss 3,400 men and 700 marines on August 19. In Washington, President James Madisons administration struggled to meet the threat. Unwilling to believe that the capital would be a target, little had been done in terms of preparing defenses. Overseeing the defense of Washington was Brigadier General William Winder, a political appointee from Baltimore who had been captured at the Battle of Stoney Creek in June 1813. As the bulk of the US Armys regulars were occupied in the north, Winder s force was largely comprised of militia. Meeting no resistance, Ross and Cockburn marched quickly from Benedict to Upper Marlborough. There the two elected to approach Washington from the northeast and cross the East Branch of the Potomac at Bladensburg. Following the defeat of American forces at the Battle of Bladensburg on August 24, they entered Washington and burned several government buildings. This done, British forces under Cochrane and Ross turned their attention north towards Baltimore. The British Plan A vital port city, Baltimore was believed by the British to be the base of many of the American privateers that were preying on their shipping. To take Baltimore, Ross and Cochrane planned a two-prong attack with the former landing at North Point and advancing overland, while the latter attacked Fort McHenry and the harbor defenses by water. Arriving in the Patapsco River, Ross landed 4,500 men at the tip of North Point on the morning of September 12, 1814. Anticipating Ross actions and needing more time to complete the citys defenses, the American commander at Baltimore, American Revolution veteran Major General Samuel Smith, dispatched 3,200 men and six cannon under Brigadier General John Stricker to delay the British advance. Marching to North Point, Stricker arrayed his men across Long Log Lane at a point where the peninsula narrowed. Marching north, Ross rode ahead with his advance guard. Armies Commanders: United States Major General Samuel SmithBrigadier General John Stricker3,200 men Britain Major General Robert RossColonel Arthur Brooke4,500 men The Americans Make a Stand Shortly after being warned about being too far forward by Rear Admiral George Cockburn, Ross party encountered a group of American skirmishers. Opening fire, the Americans critically wounded Ross in arm and chest before retreating. Placed on a cart to carry him back to the fleet, Ross died a short time later. With Ross dead, command devolved to Colonel Arthur Brooke. Pressing forward, Brookes men soon encountered Strickers line. Nearing, both sides exchanged musket and cannon fire for over an hour, with the British attempting flank the Americans. Around 4:00 PM, with the British getting better of the fight, Stricker ordered a deliberate retreat north and reformed his line near Bread and Cheese Creek. From this position Stricker waited for the next British assault, which never came. Having suffered over 300 casualties, Brooke elected not to pursue the Americans and ordered his men to camp on the battlefield. With his mission of delaying the British accomplished, Stricker and men retired to Baltimores defenses. The following day, Brooke conducted two demonstrations along the citys fortifications, but found them too strong to attack and halted his advance. Aftermath Impact In the fighting, the Americans lost 163 killed and wounded and 200 captured. British casualties numbered 46 killed and 273 wounded. While a tactical loss, the Battle of North Point proved to be a strategic victory for the Americans. The battle allowed Smith to complete his preparations for defending the city, which halted Brookes advance. Unable to penetrate the earthworks, Brooke was forced to await the outcome of Cochranes naval attack on Fort McHenry. Beginning at dusk on September 13, Cochranes bombardment of the fort failed, and Brooke was forced to withdraw his men back to the fleet.

Week 8 Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week 8 Discussion - Assignment Example However, jury nullification is not the solution of this problem as it weakens the legal system (Heffernan, 2012). If anything, jury nullification aggravates the problem by creating a distinction between people in the society on the basis of caste, color, or race, and thus fueling negative emotions of people belonging to one community against the people of the community whose crimes are nullified by the jury. I will not support the practice of jury nullification in any case regardless of the context or conditions. All human beings are equal and must be treated accordingly in the eyes of law. The law should be blind to the caste, color, race, or creed of the criminals and deal with every criminal in the same way. â€Å"The promotion of jury nullification rests on the assumption that 12 randomly chosen individuals are entitled to override the democratically expressed will of the citizenry† (Chicago Tribune, 2014). The fact that the black community is particularly disadvantaged in the society when it comes to accusations and arrests is a problem that is more deep-rooted than it appears at the surface. Apparently, it is the police that discriminates against the black community. In reality, the whole system of our society has been shaped up in such a way that people belonging to a certain community resort to crime and violence to get their rights. For example, the media frequently shows more blacks committing crimes in dramas and movies than the whites or other communities. So rather than going for such measures as jury nullification, it is more rational to bring a radical change in the society by removing the discriminating elements against the targeted communities at all levels. An arrest that is made without a conviction can have long-lasting disastrous effects on the life of the accused, thus jeopardizing their personal as well as social life. In 2011, the police in Brooklyn arrested a 26 years old single mother and forced her to show them the hidden marijuana

Roe v. Wade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Roe v. Wade - Essay Example Justice Blackmun, writing for the majority, acknowledged that the state had an interest in regulating abortion as a way to reduce medical risk for women and to protect the lives of unborn children but argued that a woman’s right to terminate her pregnancy must be weighed against the rights of the state. As long as the fetus is not viable — the Court used an established definition of viability, which considered a fetus viable at the point it is able to live outside its mother, even if some artificial assistance is needed for it to do so — the state can only regulate abortions in ways that are reasonably related to maternal health. For abortions prior to the end of the first trimester, the Court held that the state should not interfere and should leave the decision-making to a pregnant woman and her doctor. Only for abortions during the third trimester of pregnancy, when the fetus is viable according to the Court’s definition, could the state prohibit aborti on and only then if doing so did not significantly threaten the health of the pregnant woman. Blackmun went on to state that in questions of abortion, there is no consideration of a fetus’s right to life under the protection of the Fourteenth Amendment because the Fourteenth Amendment protects only Americans who have been born. There is no Fourteenth Amendment protection for the unborn. Blackmon adds, in note perhaps to the spirit of the times, that the Court’s ruling is not intended to serve as an answer to the question of when life begins but only as a statement of the reach of the Fourteenth Amendment. Roe v. Wade remains a milestone case, setting the stage for countless arguments between those who support abortion and those who would do away with it. Though I agree with the gist of the Court’s decision — that a woman should be able to obtain a legal abortion, especially early in pregnancy — I find the legal basis for the Roe v. Wade decision a little shaky. Protecting the right to

Brief History of Microbiology

Brief History of Microbiology 1- How Can Microbes Be Classified? Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Prokaryotes and other organisms of importance to microbiologists B- The Golden Age of Microbiology 1- Is Spontaneous Generation Of Microbial Life Possible? Redis Experiment, Needhams Experiment, Spallanzanis Experiment, Pasteurs Experiment. CHAPTER (1): A BRIEF HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY Microbiology is the study of organisms and agents too small to be seen clearly by the naked eye. It is the study of microorganisms, or germs or microbes. However, some of these microorganisms are large and visible by our naked eye such as mushrooms, brown algae, and lichens. Viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, and protozoa belong to microorganisms. Life would not exist without microorganisms. Plants depend on microorganisms to help them obtain their nitrogen they need from air. Animals such as cows and sheep need microorganisms in order to digest the cellulose in their diets. Our ecosystem rely on microorganisms to enrich soil, degrade wastes and supports life. Without microbial recyclers, the world would be buried under dead organisms. We use beneficial microorganisms to make our food such as cheese, yoghurt, bread, to develop our vaccines, hormones, vitamins and antibiotics. The human body is home to billions of microorganisms, many of which help keep us healthy. Microorganisms are not only an essential part of our lives; they are quite literally a part of us. Microorganisms can be both beneficial and harmful (infectious disease agents) to humans, animals and plants. Some harmful microorganisms also do cause diseases, from the common cold to AIDS. The threats of bioterrorism and new or re-merging infectious diseases are real problem. We will explore all the roles (both harmful and beneficial) that microorganisms play in our lives in this fascinating course. Importance of bacteria Bacteria can be categorized into harmful and useful bacteria, while some bacteria are non harmful-non useful. Harmful bacteria Bacteria cause some major diseases to humans, animals and plants. Among these diseases: cholera, typhoid, tetanus, pneumonia, tuberculosis and meningitis. Some pathogenic bacteria produce poisonous chemicals called toxins which affect certain parts of the host body. In food industry, bacteria cause spoilage of food and food poising. Useful bacteria Bacteria produce antibiotics which for the treatment of diseases. Bacteria provide enzymes for biological washing powders. Bacteria are used as microbial insecticides protecting crops from insect pests. Bacteria are used to leach out metals from some low grade ores such as copper and gold. Bacteria contribute greatly to food industry (butter, cheese, and yogurt). Certain bacteria are used to convert lactose (milk sugar) into lactic acid. Certain bacteria are used to convert alcohol into vinegar. Â  Bacteria have an essential role in the natural cycles of matter. In the soil, bacteria affect fertility, structure and productivity of corps. One of the most important roles of bacteria is the breakdown of dead organisms and organic wastes into its basic inorganic parts. Carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen, and sulfur are some of the most important materials returned to the soil and atmosphere. Such cycling of materials could not occur in the absence of certain bacteria. 9. As a source of food (single cell protein (SCP). Bacteria are a good source of (SCP) with plenty of food and space. (SCP can be produced using bacteria growing in waste paper, pollutants or any food waste product). The Early Years Of Microorganisms The early years of microbiology brought the first observations of microbial life, and the initial efforts to organize them into logical classification. Early investigators suspected the existence of microorganisms and their role in disease development even before microorganisms were detected. The first person observed and described microorganisms was Antony van Leeunwenhoek (The Father of Bacteriology and Protozoology) (Dutch) in 1674. He was a tailor and a lens grinder. He used to manufacture lenses to examine the quality of the clothes. He invented simple microscope in 1674 and he observed, drew, and measured large numbers of minute living organisms including bacteria and protozoa in pond water. He also described the motion, morphology and diversity of bacteria and protozoa. How Can Microbes Be Classified? Shortly after Leeunwenhoek made his discoveries, the Swedish botanist Linnaeus developed a taxonomic system-that is a system for naming plants and animals and grouping similar organisms together. Linnaeus and other scientists of that period grouped all organisms into either animal kingdom or the plant kingdom. Today biologists use the five kingdoms classification system and the three kingdoms classification system. The microorganisms that Leeunwenhoek described can be grouped into five basic categories: fungi, protozoa, algae, prokaryotes and small animals. The only microbes not described by Leeunwenhoek are viruses which are too small to be seen without an electron microscope. Cells are of two types: 1- Prokaryotic cells (pro = before, karyon = nut or kernel). Example: Bacteria (i) Organisms very simple in shape. (ii) The cells lack true membrane delimited nucleus. 2- Eukaryotic cells (Eu = true, karyon = nut or kernel). Examples: Algae, fungi, protozoa, higher plants and animals. (i) Morphologically more complex than prokaryotes and larger in size. (ii) Organisms with true nucleus. They have a membrane enclose nucleus. . Biologists have divided living organisms into five kingdoms: Kingdom Monera or Prokaryote: includes prokaryotic organisms (Bacteria and archea) and Cyanobacteria (the blue-green bacteria, formerly called blue-green algae). Kingdom Protista: Include either unicellular or colonial eukaryotic organisms that lack true tissues (Protozoa, small algae, and lower fungi). Kingdom Fungi: Includes eukaryotic organisms with absorptive nutrition and often multinucleate. Fungi includes moulds (filamentous fungi) and yeasts (unicellular fungi). Kingdom Animalia: Multicellular animals with ingestive nutrition (Vertebrates and invertebrates). Kingdom Plantae: Multicellular plants with walled eukaryotic cells and photosynthetic ability. Viruses do not fit into the classification of living organisms (five kingdoms classification system) because they are dependent on other cells for their reproduction (obligate parasites). Nevertheless viruses are also studied by microbiologists. The recent classification divided organisms into 3 kingdoms based on the analysis of the 16S RNA. Bacteria (True bacteria or Eubacteria). Archaea (Archaeobacteria). Eukarya (All eukaryotic organisms). Fungi (Mycology) Fungi are organisms whose cells are eukaryotic with a true nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Fungi differ from animals by having cell walls. Fungi are different from plants because they are heterotrophic (obtain their food from other organisms which is different from plants (obtain their food by themselves through photosynthesis i.e. autotrophic). Microscopic fungi include molds (filamentous fungi) and yeasts (unicellular fungi). Molds are multicellular organisms that are grow as long filaments called hyphae that intertwine to make up the body of the mold. Molds reproduce by sexual and asexual spores which produce new individuals. Yeasts are unicellular and they reproduce by budding. Many types of fungi are beneficial and some are also very harmful to humans causing many diseases. Mushroom is a typical example of macroscopic fungi. Some mushrooms are also poisonous and can cause death. Protozoa (Protozoology or Parasitology) Protozoa are single celled eukaryotic microorganisms with true nucleus that are similar to animals in their nutritional needs and cellular structure. The suffix protozoa in Greek mean (the first animals). Most protozoa are capable of locomotion through pseudopodia, cilia or flagella. Protozoa typically live freely in water, but some live inside animal hosts, where they can cause diseases. Most protozoa reproduce asexually, however some can reproduce sexually. Algae (Phycology) Algae are unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic autotrophic organisms. Algae are categorized on the basis of their pigmentation, storage products and their cell walls. Large algae commonly called seaweeds and kelps are common in the oceans. Unicellular algae are common in freshwater ponds, streams and lakes and in the oceans as well. They are the major food source of small aquatic and marine animals and provide most of the worlds oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis. Prokaryotes (Bacteriology) Prokaryotic microorganisms are unicellular microbes that lack nuclei. There are two kinds of prokaryotes: true bacteria (Eu-bacteria) and archaea (Archaeobacteria). Bacterial cell walls are composed of a polysaccharide called peptidoglycan, although some bacteria lack cell walls. Bacteria without cell walls are called mycoplasma. The cell walls of archaea lack peptidoglycan and instead are composed of other polymers. Most bacteria and archaea are much smaller than the eukaryotic microorganisms. True bacteria are found in all environments, however, archaea are only found in extreme environments (Difficult or harsh environments) (e.g. High or low temperature, high or low pH, high salinity, high pressure). Other Organisms Of Importance To Microbiologists Microbiologists also study parasitic worms which range in size from microscopic forms to adult tapeworms over 7 meters in length. The only type of microbes that remained hidden from Leeunwenhoek and other early microbiologists are viruses, viroids and prions which are much smaller than the smallest prokaryotic microorganisms and are not visible by light microscopy. Viruses could not seen until the electron microscope was invented in 1932. All complete viruses are acellular (not composed of cells) obligatory parasites composed of small amounts of genetic material (genome) (RNA or DNA never both) surrounded by a protein coat. The incomplete virus (Prions) consists only of protein coat and there is no nucleic acid and only attacks human and animals. While the incomplete virus (Virioid) consists only of nucleic acid and there is no protein coat and only attacks plants. Leeunwenhoek fist reported the existence of microorganisms in 1674, but microbiology did not develop significantly as a field of study for almost two centuries. There were a number of reasons for this delay. First, Leeunwenhoek was a suspicious and secretive man. Though he built over than 400 microscopes, he never trained an apprentice, and he never sold or gave away a microscope. When Leeunwenhoek died, the secret of creating superior microscope was lost. It took almost 100 years for scientists to make microscopes of equivalent quality. Another reason that microbiology was slow to develop as a science is that scientists in the 1700s considered microbes to be curiosities of nature and in-significant to human affairs. But in the late 1800s, scientists began to adopt a new philosophy, one that demand experimental proof rather than mere acceptance of traditional knowledge. This fresh philosophical foundation, accompanied by improved microscopes, new laboratory techniques, and a drive to answer a series of important questions, propelled microbiology to the forefront as a scientific discipline. The Golden Age of Microbiology For about 50 years during what is now called The Golden Age of Microbiology, scientists were driven by the search for answers o the following 4 questions: Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible? What causes fermentation? What causes diseases? How can we prevent infection and disease? Competition among scientists, who were striving to be the first to answer these questions, drove exploration and discovery in microbiology during the late 1800s and early 1900s. These scientists discoveries and the fields of study they initiated continue to shape the course of microbiological research today. 1 Is Spontaneous Generation Of Microbial Life Possible? In the ancient times, many peoples believed that living organisms could develop from non-living matter, and they named this phenomenon as spontaneous generation (abiogenesis). Aristotle believed that simple invertebrates could arise by spontaneous generation. He also believed that frogs and shrimps could arise from mud, insects from the morning dew and maggots from decaying meat. The validity of this theory came under challenge in the 17th century. Redis Experiment (1626-1697). The spontaneous generation conflict was finally challenged by the Redi (1688), who carried out a series of experiments using decayed meat and he studies the ability of meat to produce maggots spontaneously. He concluded that maggots do not arise by spontaneous generation. In unsealed flask: The maggots covered the meat within few days. In the sealed flasks: The flies were kept away and no maggots appeared on the meat. In the gauze-covered flask: The flies were kept away and no maggots appeared on the meat, although a few maggots appeared on the top of the gauze. Needhams Experiment (1713-1781). He boiled beef broth in a sealed flask. Some days later he demonstrated that many of these flasks became cloudy and contained microorganisms. He thought that the organic matter in the meat contained a vital force that could give the properties of life from non-living matter. Since he heated the flasks he thought that the microorganisms is coming from the non living beef broth. Spallanzanis Experiment (1729-1799). Spallanzanis in 1799 reported results that contradicted Needhams findings. Spallanzani boiled some infusions for one hour and sealed the vials by melting their slender necks closed. His infusion remained clear, unless he broke the seal and exposed the infusion to air, after which they became cloudy with microorganisms. He concluded three things: Needham had either failed to heat his vials sufficiently. Microorganisms exist in the air and can contaminate the experiments. Spontaneous generation of microorganisms does not occur. All living things arise from other living things. Criticisms of Spallanzanis work were: The sealed vials did not allow enough air for organisms to survive. The prolonged heating for long time (one hour) destroyed the Life force. The debate continued until the French chemist Louis Pasteur conducted experiments that finally solved the theory of spontaneous generation to rest. Pasteurs Experiment (1822-1895). In 1861, Pasteur (The Father of Microbiology) solved the spontaneous generation conflict. The Swan Neck Experiment Pasteur placed nutrient solutions in flasks heated their necks in a flame and drew them out in a variety of curved shapes, and he kept the ends of the neck open to the air. He then boiled the nutrient solutions for a few minutes and allowed them to cool. No microbial growth was observed; even the flask contents were exposed to the external air currents. Pasteur pointed out that no growth was observed because dust and germs had been collected on the walls of the curved pre-heated necks. If the necks were broken, microbial growth appeared. The results obtained by Pasteur were against the spontaneous generation theory. 2- What Causes Fermentation? Pasteur developed the pasteurization a process of heating the grape juice just enough to kill most contaminating bacteria without changing the juice backs qualities so it could then be inoculated with yeast to ensure that alcohol fermentation occurred. Pasteur thus began the field of industrial microbiology or biotechnology in which microbes are used to manufacture beneficial products. Today pasteurization is used routinely on milk to eliminate pathogenic bacteria that cause tuberculosis and is also used to eliminate pathogenic bacteria and fungi in juices and other beverages. Because of Pasteur many significant accomplishments in working with microbes, Pasture is considered the Father of Microbiology. 3- What Causes Diseases? Robert Koch (German Doctor) (the golden age of microbiology 1880-1920) was the first person to demonstrate the role of bacteria in causing anthrax disease in 1876. Kochs proof that Bacillus anthracis caused anthrax. Koch discovered that bacteria are responsible for causing a disease. This was called the germ theory of disease. The science of etiology (the study of causation of diseases) was dominated by Robert Koch. Koch established criteria for proving the causal relationship between a microorganism and a specific disease. These criteria are known as Koch postulates, and it can be summarized as follows: (i)- The organism should be constantly present in animals or plants suffering from the disease and should not be present in healthy individuals. (ii)- The organism must be cultivated in pure culture away from the animal or plant body. (iii)- Such a culture when inoculated into susceptible animals or plants should initiate the characteristic disease symptoms. (iv)- The organism should be re-isolated from these experimental animals or plants and cultured again in the laboratory, after which it should still be the same as the original organism. Koch also developed media suitable for the isolation of pure bacterial cultures from human body. He developed nutrient broth and nutrient agar media. In 1882 Koch has used these methods to isolate the bacteria that cause tuberculosis. During Kochs studies on bacterial pathogens, it became necessary to isolate suspected bacterial pathogens. At first, he cultured bacteria on sterile surfaces of cut, boiled potatoes. This was unsatisfactory because bacteria would not always grow well on potatoes because of the acidity of the potato tissues. He then tried to solidify regular liquid medium by adding gelatin. Separate bacterial colonies developed after the surface had been streaked with a bacterial sample. When the gelatin medium hardened, individual bacteria produced separate colonies. Despite its advantages, gelatin was not an ideal solidifying agent because it was digested by many bacteria and melted when the temperature rose above 28ÂÂÂ °C. Fannie Hesse suggested a better alternative. She suggested the use of agar as a solidifying agent. Agar is derived from red algae. Agar was not attacked by most bacteria and did not melt until reaching a temperature of 100ÂÂÂ °C unlike gelatin. Richard Petri developed the Petri dish (Plate) in 1887, a container for making solid culture media. This development made possible the isolation of pure cultures that contained only a single microorganism. Koch and his colleagues are also responsible for many other advances in laboratory microbiology, including the following: Simple staining techniques for bacterial cells and flagella. The first photomicrograph of bacteria. The first photograph of bacteria in diseased tissues. Techniques for estimating the number of bacteria in a solution based on the number of colonies that form after inoculation onto a solid surface. The use of steam to sterilize growth media. The use of Petri dishes to hold solid growth media. Aseptic laboratory techniques such as transferring bacteria between media using platinum wire that has been sterilized in a flame. Koch hypothesized that each bacterial colony consisted if the progeny of a single cell. Koch use laboratory animals to inject bacteria and study disease development. For these achievements, Koch is considered as the Father of the Microbiological laboratory. Grams stain Although Koch reported a simple staining technique in 1877, the Danish scientist Gram developed a more important staining method in 1884. His procedure which involves the application of series of dyes made some microbes blue and others red. The blue cells are called the Gram positive and the red cells are called the Gram negative. We now use Gram Stain to separate bacteria into these two large groups. The gram stain is still the most widely used staining technique. It is one of the first steps carried out in any laboratory where bacteria are being identified. 4 How Can We Prevent Infection And Disease? 1 Semmelweis and Hand washing Semmelweis was a physician began requiring medical students to wash hands with chlorinated lime water. 2 Listers Antiseptic Technique Joseph Lister (1867), an English surgeon found indirect evidence that microorganism were agents of human disease. He worked on the prevention of wound infection. He developed a system of antiseptic surgery designed to prevent microorganism from entering wounds. Instruments were heat sterilized and phenol was used on surgical dressings and sprayed over the surgical area. He provided a strong evidence for the role of microorganisms in disease development because phenol which killed bacteria also prevented wound infections. 3 Nightingale and Nursing Nightingale was an English nurse and she is the founder of modern nursing and she introduced cleanliness and antiseptic techniques into nursing practices. 4 Snow and Epidemiology John Snow an English physician plays a key role ion setting standards for good public hygiene to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. His study was the foundation for two branches of microbiology (infection control) and epidemiology (study of the occurrence, distribution and spread of disease in humans). 5 Jenners Vaccine On 1796, Edward Jenner used cowpox-infected material to successfully vaccinate people against human small pox. He names the process vaccination after Vaccinia, the virus that causes cowpox. Jenner invented vaccination or immunization. In honor of Jenners work with cowpox, Pasteur used the term vaccine to refer to all weakened protective strains of pathogens. 6 Ehrlichs magic bullets and Chemotherapy Ehrlich found that chemicals could be used to kill microorganisms. He discovered chemicals active against trypanosomes the protozoan that causes sleeping sickness and against Treponema that cause syphilis. His discoveries began the branch of chemotherapy. The Modern Age of Microbiology 1 How Do Genes work? Over the past 40 yeasts, advances in microbial genetics developed into several new disciplines that are among the faster growing areas of scientific research today; including: Molecular biology A Molecular Biology Molecular biology combines aspects of biochemistry, cell biology and genetics to explain cell function at the molecular level. Molecular biologists are concerned with genome sequencing. A full understating of the genomes of organisms will result in practical ways to limit disease, repair genetic defects and enhance agricultural yield. B Recombinant DNA technology Molecular Biology is applied in recombinant DNA technology, commonly called genetic engineering which was first developed using microbial models. This includes the production of human insulin in genetically engineered bacteria. C Gene therapy An exciting new area of study is the use of recombinant DNA technology for gene therapy. This is a process that involves inserting a missing gene or repairing a defective gene in human cells. This procedure uses harmless viruses to insert a desired gene into host cells where it is incorporated into a chromosome and begins to function normally. 2 What Roles Do Microorganisms Play in the Environment? The study of microorganisms in their natural environment is called environmental Microbiology or microbial ecology. 3 How We Defend Against Disease? Advancements in chemotherapy were made in the 1900s with the discovery of numerous substances such as penicillin and sulfa drugs that inhibit bacteria. 4 The Scope And Relevance of Microbiology Microbiology has both basic aspects and applied aspects. A scientist working in the field of microbiology is called a microbiologist. Many microbiologists are interested in the biology of microorganisms. They may focus on a specific group of microorganisms and are called: Virologist (Virology is the study of viruses), Bacteriologist (Bacteriology is the study of bacteria), Phycologist (Phycology is the study of algae), Mycologist (Mycology is the study of fungi), and Protozoologist (Protozoology is the study of protozoa). Other microbiologist work in other fields such as microbial physiology, microbial cytology, microbial ecology, and microbial taxonomy. Other microbiologists have more practical applied fields such as medical microbiology, food and dairy microbiology, and public health microbiology. Medical Microbiology: Deals with human and animal diseases. Agricultural Microbiology: Deals with the application of microorganisms in agriculture. Public health Microbiology: Deals with the control of the spread of diseases. Food and dairy Microbiology: Deals with the application of microorganisms by man to make foods such as cheese, bread, and other important products. Industrial Microbiology: Deals with the industrial application of microorganisms such as the production of vaccines, antibiotics, vitamins and enzymes. Microbial Ecology or Environmental microbiology: Deals with the relationship between microorganisms and their environments. Microbial physiology and Biochemistry: Deals with the study with physiology of microorganisms and the effects of physical and chemical agents on the survival of microorganisms. 6 What Will The Future Hold? What will microbiologists discover next? Among the questions for the next 50 years are the following: What is the physiology of life forms that can not be grown in laboratory and only known to us now by their nucleic acid sequences? Does life exist beyond planet Earth, and if so, what are its features? How can we reduce the threat of infectious diseases, especially those that can be used by bioterrorists?